tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3771613677253063692024-03-28T05:23:19.391+05:30Deepakkumar YadavUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger1217125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-377161367725306369.post-18539860746474754452023-05-09T12:00:00.002+05:302023-05-09T12:00:00.146+05:30Types of Buses in microcomputer<p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">Types of Buses</span></b></p><p><span style="color: #cc0000;">Q. Describe the bus structure in microcomputer.</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd84G8q76TdB9xscw3xvfO5eYyeWIPgj6XtFXGC6dqORxc0gCUx5XP2wv3FColGHsfP5LSFNHBeEBsYBGC56QOukafXx7xChpqZ1I4hG399eyJSnMEP3AkFn_RnxrVBgYnsxYFfp9Eyfg3HHJXK22NPpAW4T_Qcj4decUfxRL73fuMj1ItFv6nycp6GQ/s400/Type%20of%20Buses.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Type of Buses" border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="400" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd84G8q76TdB9xscw3xvfO5eYyeWIPgj6XtFXGC6dqORxc0gCUx5XP2wv3FColGHsfP5LSFNHBeEBsYBGC56QOukafXx7xChpqZ1I4hG399eyJSnMEP3AkFn_RnxrVBgYnsxYFfp9Eyfg3HHJXK22NPpAW4T_Qcj4decUfxRL73fuMj1ItFv6nycp6GQ/w200-h200/Type%20of%20Buses.jpg" title="Type of Buses" width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>There are three types o buses as describe below : <p></p><p><b>1. Address Bus :</b> The unidirectional address bus transmits the address signals generated by the microprocessor for memory device and I/O port. </p><p><b>2. Data Bus: </b>The bidirectional data bus is used to write data either from microprocessor to memory and I/O or read data from memory and I/O to microprocessor. </p><p><b>3. Control Bus: </b>The control bus is used to transmit the control signals such as read, write, and interrupt control signal. Also control signals are used to control the direction of data flow through data bus.</p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-377161367725306369.post-17883446346898910192023-04-06T18:00:00.001+05:302024-02-05T22:59:37.435+05:30Microprocessor<p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">Microprocessor</span></b></p><p><span style="color: #cc0000;">Q. Draw the general block diagram of microprocessor. Explain the function of each block.</span></p><p>Microprocessor is a programmable digital electronic device that incorporates the functions of a central processing unit (CPU) into a single IC package. </p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Microprocessors are general-purpose devices used in many applications. </li><li>Microprocessor contains the ALU (Arithmetic and Logical Unit), Control Unit and Registers. </li><li>Typical microprocessor operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, comparing two numbers, and fetching data from memory or I/O device. </li><li>These operations are performed using a set of instructions that is part of the microprocessor design.</li><li>The 8085, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium are the example of Intel Microprocessor and 68000 series from Motorola.</li></ul><p></p><p>Three basic features differentiate microprocessors :</p><p><b>1. Instruction set :</b> The set of instructions that the microprocessor can execute.</p><p><b>2. Bandwidth : </b>The number of bits processed in a single instruction.</p><p><b>3. Clock speed :</b> Given in Megahertz (MHz) or Gigahertz, the clock speed determines how many instructions per second the<b> processor can execute.</b> </p><p>The general block diagram of microprocessor is shown in Figure</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixd2tFh100pvYYPXNwDd9e1nCjR-lwfRnTrbMmyF_0S9XVpsS596VfHkEquAt3XpLuPCLSAme7-oV1KaaYi3wX5RGH2PglDHbW6NqGoGg0UNfJicMFhtdTT-27JRP-0kD__JHXQNGPzNh_Z17HFB7cInHS9P_IPZuM0m7n832hbAVV2O_a1KeYP3f6aA/s590/General%20Block%20Diagram%20of%20Microprocessor.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="General Block Diagram of Microprocessor" border="0" data-original-height="531" data-original-width="590" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixd2tFh100pvYYPXNwDd9e1nCjR-lwfRnTrbMmyF_0S9XVpsS596VfHkEquAt3XpLuPCLSAme7-oV1KaaYi3wX5RGH2PglDHbW6NqGoGg0UNfJicMFhtdTT-27JRP-0kD__JHXQNGPzNh_Z17HFB7cInHS9P_IPZuM0m7n832hbAVV2O_a1KeYP3f6aA/w320-h288/General%20Block%20Diagram%20of%20Microprocessor.jpg" title="General Block Diagram of Microprocessor" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e06666;">General Block Diagram of Microprocessor</span></td></tr></tbody></table><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) :</b> The arithmetic and logical unit (ALU) performs arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and or division and logical operation such as AND, OR, NOT and XOR needed to carryout the instructions. </li><li><b>Instruction decode and Control Unit (CU) : </b>This unit is responsible for fetching instructions from main memory and finding out the meaning of the instruction and operands required for operation .</li><li><b>Microprocessor Instruction register (IR) :</b> The function of the instruction register is to store the instruction that is being executed at the time . An instruction register is part of the CPU's control unit. </li><li><b>Program Counter (PC) :</b> A program counter is a register in a microprocessor that contains the address of the next instruction being fetched while executing current instruction. As each instruction gets fetched,the program counter is incremented by 1 and points to the next instruction to be fetched. When the computer restarts or reset, the program counter normally set to 0. </li><li><b>Registers :</b> Register is a small high speed memory and consists of a set of binary storage cells called flip-flops with parallel reading or writing or both the facilities. </li><li>The size of register in the term bits depends on the size of the data. Microprocessor reads data from one of the registers for performing the arithmetic or logical operation. Once the operation is over, microprocessor stores the result in a register. Data are usually loaded from memory to register. Similarly the resultant data will be loaded from registers to memory.</li></ul><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-377161367725306369.post-76438514919835858192023-03-19T12:03:00.000+05:302023-03-19T12:03:23.709+05:30Reserves and Production of Energy<p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>Reserves and Production of Energy</b></span></p><p><span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #2b00fe; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcR7AlUN8gytzLK92cHpwjGMzkpEKI3wfQEl3-TgzuMLfGO6HTHLEe_MzG3N41-x2UrX86fpmjEi26FTPSfC95GfijrLanBcONbI4soVUt_IDJcBEYjDqllbbbUXwC0oufBgl1gLFthK_V/s1280/Reserve+and+Production+of+Energy+in+India.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Reserve and Production of Energy in India" border="0" data-original-height="853" data-original-width="1280" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcR7AlUN8gytzLK92cHpwjGMzkpEKI3wfQEl3-TgzuMLfGO6HTHLEe_MzG3N41-x2UrX86fpmjEi26FTPSfC95GfijrLanBcONbI4soVUt_IDJcBEYjDqllbbbUXwC0oufBgl1gLFthK_V/w320-h213/Reserve+and+Production+of+Energy+in+India.jpg" title="Reserve and Production of Energy in India" width="320" /></a></span></div><span>In India</span><div><span>India Accounts for :</span><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>17 % of world's population.</li><li>Population Growth rate of 1.51% . </li><li>4 largest economy in the world by GDP. </li><li>GDP growth of 7-8%. </li><li>11 largest Energy Producer in the world. </li><li>Produces 2.4 % of world production.</li><li>Ranks 6 in Energy Consumption. </li><li>Consumes 3.5 % of world consumption. </li></ul><p></p><p><b>Energy sources : </b></p><p>In India the three primary sources which accounts for the major portion of the energy needs are </p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Coal</li><li>Oil</li><li>Natural gas</li></ul><p></p><p>Out of the above three, coal dominates the energy mix in India, contributing to 68.3% of the total primary energy production. Over the years, there has been a marked increases in the share of natural gas in primary energy production from 10% in 1994 to 13% in 1999. There has been a decline in the share of oil in primary energy production from 20% to 17% during the same period. The details of available quantum in each of these sources are given in succeeding sections.</p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">1. Coal :</span></b></p><p>India has huge coal reserves , at least 84,396 million tonnes of proven recoverable reserves. This amounts to almost 8.6% of the world reserves and it may last for about 230 years at the current Reserve to Production (R/P) ratio. In contrast, the world's proven coal reserves are expected to last only for 192 years at the current R / P ratio. The reserve to production (R/P) ratio is defined as : </p><p>"If the reserves remaining at the end of the year are divided by the production in the year, the result is the length of time that the remaining reserves would last if production were continue at that level." India is the fourth largest producer of coal and lignite in the world. Coal production is concentrated in these states (Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradsh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Jharkhand , West Bengal). </p><p>The salient features of coal production in India could be summarized as below : </p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Reserve of 220 Billion tons, proven of 84 Billion tons </li><li>Ranks 4 in terms of coal producing countries </li><li>Reserves may last 230 years </li><li>Coal is the cheapest fuel for power generation </li><li>Demand projection for this year is 453 Million tons </li><li>Forecast for indigenous production is 405 million tons </li><li>Balance to be met by imports </li><li>Environmental Impact due to pollution and emissions </li><li>Non-renewable source of energy India's commitment with the Kyoto Protocol.</li></ul><p></p><p><b>Coal gasification : </b></p><p>To reduce the adverse effects of large scale use of coal on environment and global warming due to polluting gases, Coal gasification may be resorted to. The salient features of coal gasification are </p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Improves efficiency and reduces environmental impacts. </li><li>Capital and generations costs comparable with a PC plant. </li><li>Washing coal has its advantages, but it is technically challenging and economically unattractive. </li></ul><p></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">2. Oil :</span></b></p><p>Oil accounts for about 36% of India's total energy consumption, India today is one of the top ten oil-producing nation in the world and will soon overtake Korea as the third largest consumer of oil in Asia after China and Japan. The country's annual crude oil production is peaked at about 32 million tonne as against the current-peak demand of about 110 million tone India's oil consumption at the end of 2007 reached 136 million tonne (MT), of which domestic production was only 34 MT. India will have to pay an oil bill of roughly S 125 billion, assuming a weighted average price of $ 125 per barrel of crude. India imports 70 % of its crude needs mainly from gulf nations. The majority of India's roughly 5.4 billion barrels in oil reserves are located in the Bombay High, upper Assam, Cambay, Krishna-Godavari. In terms of sector wise petroleum product consumption, transport accounts for 42 % followed by domestic and industry with 24% and 24% respectively. </p><p>Therefore we can summarize as follows :</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Oil contributes 36% of our energy needs. </li><li>India has 0.4% of World's Oil Reserves </li><li>Demand equivalent to 2.8% of World Out Resources </li><li>Production just 34 million tons </li><li>Out oil sufficiency this year is expected to go down to 26% </li><li>In 2011, this will further reduce to 20% </li><li>Crude oil imports during April-September 2006 were US $ 28,664 million. </li></ul><p></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">3. Natural gas :</span></b></p><p>Natural gas accounts for about 8.9 per cent of energy consumption in the country. The current demand for natural gas is about 96 million cubic metres per day (mcmd) as against availability of 67 memd. By 2007, the demand is expected to be around 200 memd. Natural gas reserves are estimated at 660 billion cubic meters. It is expected that this demand may increase to 314 million cubic metres/day by 2010 and 400 memd by 2025.</p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">4. Nuclear power :</span></b></p><p>Nuclear power contributes to about 2.4 per cent of electricity generated in India. India has ten nuclear power reactors at five nuclear power stations producing electricity. More nuclear reactors have also been approved for construction. India has established its capability in design, engineering, construction and operation of nuclear power plants. The installed capacity is 3310 MW, less than 3% of total installed capacity of power, consisting of two Boiling Water Reactors, and twelve Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors, cight more reactors (total capacity 3420 MW) are under construction. India believes that nuclear power could be a good source of its power profile and therefore its proportion should increase from 2.6% to say 7 to 8% by 2030 which will mean a capacity of over 55,000 MW. Department of Atomic Energy, therefore, has evolved an approach and perspective which includes setting up of Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors in the first stage, fast breeder reactors in the second stage and Reactors based on Uranium 233-Thorium 232 cycle in the third stages. Constructions on two units of 1000 MW at Kudankulam in Tamilnadu, as per the agreement between India and Russia marks the beginning of introduction of Light Water Reactors (LWR). </p><p>The salient feature of Nuclear energy scenario in India are : </p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Based on Uranium deposits in the first stage (PHWRs and FBRS) </li><li>In later stages, Thorium deposits comes into play. </li><li>Uranium reserves extremely limited at 70,000 metric tons. </li><li>However Thorium reserves are huge, at 3,60,000-5,00,000 metric tons. </li><li>Available resources of Uranium can support 10,000 MW based on PHWRs.</li><li>India has 14 existing nuclear power plants-2 BWRs and 12 PHWRS </li><li>Total installed capacity of 2720 MW through these </li><li>The Nuclear deal with the US should definitely help, but there are complex geo-political. considerations.</li></ul><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">5. Hydro power :</span></b><p></p><p>India is endowed with a vast and viable hydro potential for power generation of which only 15% has been harnessed so far. The share of hydropower in the country's total generated units has steadily decreased and it presently stands at 25%. It is assessed that exploitable potential at 60% load factor is 84,000 MW.</p><p>At 60 % load factor, this translates into 84,000 MW. Present installed capacity 27,000 MW 25 % share of installed capacity for electricity.</p><p><b>Small hydro power scenario :</b></p><p>The concept of small hydro power plants or Micro Hydel systems is much more promising in a country like India. Many of the problems associated with large hydel plants such as large capital, long gestation period etc. could be avoided and they could offer cheap power locally even at remote areas,</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Hydro power based generation based on plants of capacity 25 MW or less</li><li>More socially, environmentally and economically viable</li><li>Estimates of MNES place the potential at 15,000 MW</li><li>Beneficial for rural electrification, as most of the potential sites are in rural areas</li><li>MNES has identified about 4500 such sites in India</li><li>Cost of small hydro plant half that of a thermal plant.</li></ul><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">6. Non-conventional energy sources relevant to India :</span></b><div>Indian government has accorded very high priority to develop and expand installed capacity base through non-conventional sources of electricity generation. There is separate Ministry in the Government of India to exclusively focus on this important area of power generation. National Electricity Policy lays down that the state Electricity Regulatory Commissions should prescribe a proportion of power which should be produced and supplied to the grid through the non-conventional sources. The tariffs on these sources have been fixed differently in order to encourage more and more plants to switch over to non conventional sources.<p></p></div><div><b>(a) Solar energy :</b></div><div>300 clear sunny days every year in India.</div><div>A potential for 30 MW per sq.km in India.</div><div>Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) contribute 2.5 % of power generation from renewable energy</div><div>SPVs with aggregate capacity of 47 MW have been deployed for various applications 21 grid interactive SPV projects aggregating 1.615 MW for providing voltage support implemented by MNES Target of 800 MW by 2010 of MNES Conventional PV cells have low efficiency, and extremely high upfront costs, which has reduced its viability Maximum efficiency possible is below 30%. But CNT ( Carbon Nano Tube) based PV cells hold promise of higher efficiency having 35% at present which is still not sufficient for its economical viability Generation cost is still 10 times higher than a thermal power plant. Scope for Rand Din this field.</div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>(b) Wind energy scenario :</b></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>India is the fifth largest wind power producer in the world with a capacity of 6171 MW </li><li>Gross wind energy potential : 45,000 MW.</li><li>Technical potential : 20000 MW. States with high potential : Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra State-of-the-art wind power technologies are indigenously available in India.</li><li>Capital cost of wind power projects ranges from Rs . 45-55 crore/MW and the cost of generation is estimated to be Rs . 2.25-2.75 / kWh.</li><li>These costs compare favourably with new conventional projects. There is an added advantage of shorter gestation period.</li><li>These costs are expected to decline and profitability increases with technology improvements.</li></ul><b>(c) Bio-fuels :</b></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Alternatives available for transportation needs are hydrogen based fuels, electrically powered vehicle and Bio-fuels, or may be gaseous fuels.</li><li>Hydrogen fuels in preliminary stages of development, and will take another decade to develop </li><li>But no surplus oil seeds available for bio-fuels. In this case, Jatropha seems to be a viable alternative. Jatropha can survive almost any kind of soil, needs minimal input and propagation is easy. Starts yield from 3rd year onwards.</li><li>Phase one of Jatropha plantation started, emphasis on Jatropha plantation on 4 lakhs acres of land.</li><li>India has 60 million Hactres wasteland, and 30 million of that is suitable for Jatropha Plantation.</li></ul></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-377161367725306369.post-38589196067598314202022-10-15T18:02:00.001+05:302022-10-15T18:02:27.898+05:30Solar Inverter Wiring connection <p> Photos </p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi2wtAMg_yn-f8wjt7G9zdSkgrxNaNUiFugOinqdnEJglDpkCo_-v96ljNuQKQsBLmcPw52B5q8ZyUcKyXDNplnmoN6ECHpuHFDIoR8fX6Iq6ca28oPJqIyn0U4ll09Ze4irZhNzl-HI3AfFmzqTVbZTAjkE1rtZtSZ5fvgB27ICPk4c1pUFvz45Z8uA/s2378/Hybrid%20Mode.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2378" data-original-width="1732" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi2wtAMg_yn-f8wjt7G9zdSkgrxNaNUiFugOinqdnEJglDpkCo_-v96ljNuQKQsBLmcPw52B5q8ZyUcKyXDNplnmoN6ECHpuHFDIoR8fX6Iq6ca28oPJqIyn0U4ll09Ze4irZhNzl-HI3AfFmzqTVbZTAjkE1rtZtSZ5fvgB27ICPk4c1pUFvz45Z8uA/s320/Hybrid%20Mode.jpg" width="233" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiku8QsSJdhyRdxBAO47Yc1aIPlKtCE2HPzH_L8Lq7Fyr9B1byn7k-MwSYgIcrIda5duqKJF2r6rfeuDbsZ6yLmqbZXMkk9JZOH09SVbpabtJNwVg6Yd-z5YxLGUbc-nYK32S7wnrzWncwj6ZQQLM4n3vZB5Vgq5eiyi-ePIrNozqbbquaMyxApUX8OeQ/s2562/PCU%20mode.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2562" data-original-width="1839" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiku8QsSJdhyRdxBAO47Yc1aIPlKtCE2HPzH_L8Lq7Fyr9B1byn7k-MwSYgIcrIda5duqKJF2r6rfeuDbsZ6yLmqbZXMkk9JZOH09SVbpabtJNwVg6Yd-z5YxLGUbc-nYK32S7wnrzWncwj6ZQQLM4n3vZB5Vgq5eiyi-ePIrNozqbbquaMyxApUX8OeQ/s320/PCU%20mode.jpg" width="230" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg1UUomwXo4aAod91YlaezhpGHyRyniczh-4XB1Sx4eN1u8VyxgKEjlyu1r1SocydEmCYebOzs8Xg8VDaUATM0uAQDzYUqgTv3M8ky7EbqHJ7uK2mie_RvX2Mh5PP10gj_5oClgCJZbtCgGzf-FBi2fbOyh6GDRit1EXSRd9zIThlHGMqpEci5f0K7nA/s2586/Smart%20Mode.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2586" data-original-width="1852" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg1UUomwXo4aAod91YlaezhpGHyRyniczh-4XB1Sx4eN1u8VyxgKEjlyu1r1SocydEmCYebOzs8Xg8VDaUATM0uAQDzYUqgTv3M8ky7EbqHJ7uK2mie_RvX2Mh5PP10gj_5oClgCJZbtCgGzf-FBi2fbOyh6GDRit1EXSRd9zIThlHGMqpEci5f0K7nA/s320/Smart%20Mode.jpg" width="229" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-377161367725306369.post-3732814086291754752022-08-06T09:54:00.018+05:302024-02-07T12:58:49.575+05:30MCQ's on Basic 5 Electrical<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">MCQ's on Basic 5 Electrical</span></b><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYwfQhr1YULxSzBxbzhjsk3MjqYcEZ7Ac9F1ySyh73hxkBBx2Im1Q_kyEBVQ_kdWIFZZjqmrMQoSxFET8djGee_5dEdayourzN_JFQAK-bkECbBDAbcGt_F8dtzBnF-6qoDjm_I9RNi19XarCdy83dS_wJznINgjHb9HICV6RcpryVKaCYc5Lrb3jAGg/s913/Basic%20Electrical.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Basic Electrical" border="0" data-original-height="678" data-original-width="913" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYwfQhr1YULxSzBxbzhjsk3MjqYcEZ7Ac9F1ySyh73hxkBBx2Im1Q_kyEBVQ_kdWIFZZjqmrMQoSxFET8djGee_5dEdayourzN_JFQAK-bkECbBDAbcGt_F8dtzBnF-6qoDjm_I9RNi19XarCdy83dS_wJznINgjHb9HICV6RcpryVKaCYc5Lrb3jAGg/w320-h238/Basic%20Electrical.jpg" title="Basic Electrical" width="320" /></a></div><br /></div><div><div><span><b style="font-size: large;">Question 41</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div>If one plate of a parallel plate capacitor is charged with positive charge the other plate is charged to??</div><div><br /></div><div> (a) Negative</div><div><br /></div><div><p> (b) Positive</p><p> (c) Not charged</p><p> (d) Either Positive or Negative</p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p>The correct answer is <b><span style="color: red;">(a) Negative</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></p><div><span><b style="font-size: large;">Question 42</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div>When capacitors are connected in parallel what happens to the effective plate area?</div><div><br /></div><div> (a) Decreases</div><div><br /></div><div><p> (b) Becomes Zero</p><p> (c) Increases</p><p> (d) Remains same</p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p>The correct answer is <b><span style="color: red;">(c) Increases</span></b></p></div></div></div><div><div><div><span><b style="font-size: large;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span><b style="font-size: large;">Question 43</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div>When capacitors are connected in series, which of the following rules are applied?</div><div><br /></div><div> (a) Current divider</div><div><br /></div><div><p> (b) Voltage divider</p><p> (c) Neither Voltage nor Current divider</p><p> (d) Both Voltage and Current divider</p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p>The correct answer is <b><span style="color: red;">(b) Voltage divider</span></b></p></div></div></div><div><div><span><b style="font-size: large;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span><b style="font-size: large;">Question 44</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div>For which medium capacitance is high??</div><div><br /></div><div> (a) Air</div><div><br /></div><div><p> (b) Mica </p><p> (c) Metal</p><p> (d) Water</p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p>The correct answer is <b><span style="color: red;">(c) Metal</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></p><div><span><b style="font-size: large;">Question 45</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-size: 15px;">What is the number of primary turns in a 200/1000 V transformer if the emf per turn is 10V?</span></div><div><br /></div><div> (a) <span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-size: 15px;">5</span></div><div><br /></div><div><p> (b) 10</p><p> (c) 20</p><p> (d) 40</p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p>The correct answer is <b><span style="color: red;">(c) 20</span></b></p><p><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-size: 15px;">The number of primary turns is the ratio of induced emf in the primary to the emf induced per turn. Thus, the </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-size: 15px;">number of primary turns in a 200/1000 V transformer with emf per turn of 10V is 200/10 = 20.</span></p></div></div></div><div><b style="font-size: large;"><br /></b></div><div><b style="font-size: large;">Question 46</b></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;">If the supply frequency is increased keeping voltage constant in Transformer</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"> (a) eddy current losses will decrease</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"> (b) hysteresis losses will decrease</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"> (c) eddy current losses will remain unchanged</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"> (d) hysteresis losses will remain unchanged.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>The correct answer is </span><b><span style="color: red;">(c) eddy current losses will remain unchanged</span></b></div><div><div><span><b style="font-size: large;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span><b style="font-size: large;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span><b style="font-size: large;">Question 47</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-size: 15px;">Most widely used semiconductor in electronics is</span></div><div><br /></div><div> (a) Mica</div><div><br /></div><div><p> (b) Silicon</p><p> (c) Quartz</p><p> (d) Carbon</p></div></div><div><span>The correct answer is </span><span style="color: red;"><b>(b) Silicon</b></span></div><div><span style="color: red;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: red;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: red;"><div style="color: black;"><span><b style="font-size: large;">Question 48</b></span></div><div style="color: black;"><br /></div><div style="color: black;">Motor commonly used for traction purpose is</div><div style="color: black;"><br /></div><div style="color: black;"> (a) Induction Motor</div><div style="color: black;"><br /></div><div><p style="color: black;"> (b) DC shunt Motor</p><p style="color: black;"> (c) DC Series Motor</p><p style="color: black;"> (d) Synchronous Motor</p><p style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: black;">The correct answer is </span><b style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;">(c) </span></b><b>DC Series Motor</b></p><p><b><br /></b></p><div style="color: black;"><span><b style="font-size: large;">Question 49</b></span></div><div style="color: black;"><br /></div><div style="color: black;">How many cycles will an AC signal make in 2 seconds if its frequency is 100 Hz?</div><div style="color: black;"><br /></div><div style="color: black;"> (a) 50</div><div style="color: black;"><br /></div><div><p style="color: black;"> (b) 100</p><p style="color: black;"> (c) 150</p><p style="color: black;"> (d) 200</p><p style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: black;">The correct answer is </span><b style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;">(d) </span></b><b>200</b></p></div></div></span></div><div><span><div class="yrm-content yrm-content-6 yrm-hide" data-after-action="" data-id="6" data-show-status="true" id="yrm-MkLxt" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: grey; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 19px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-377161367725306369.post-44277714141314635522022-07-16T14:29:00.012+05:302022-10-06T23:27:17.747+05:30MCQ's on Basic 4 Electrical<b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">MCQ's on Basic Electrical</span></b><div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUPWVznCxYc9RNYvFEPHjN4LAjFxNqhMB3-TM8tMwPeq5bqSrTLNMUqQ4RdJlSIDJzhCI2bZijtPPkmFNSJO3PTLP1pAULUgklqqCDbdwei8oosUBz7vLHvBv3mNsSAvRYpXCoD5l1iEuJR6zT30LyyyJexYQ5R7xpPDmbGtZHcjyJhveIJllNCQGk7g/s1024/Basic%20Electrical.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Basic Electrical" border="0" data-original-height="682" data-original-width="1024" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUPWVznCxYc9RNYvFEPHjN4LAjFxNqhMB3-TM8tMwPeq5bqSrTLNMUqQ4RdJlSIDJzhCI2bZijtPPkmFNSJO3PTLP1pAULUgklqqCDbdwei8oosUBz7vLHvBv3mNsSAvRYpXCoD5l1iEuJR6zT30LyyyJexYQ5R7xpPDmbGtZHcjyJhveIJllNCQGk7g/w320-h213/Basic%20Electrical.jpg" title="Basic Electrical" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Question 31</b></span></div><div><p></p><p>Which lamp has the best Colour Rendering Index (CRI)?</p><p> (a) LED</p><p> (b) Fluorescent</p><p> (c) Incandescent</p><p> (d) High pressure sodium vapour</p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p>The correct answer is <b><span style="color: red;">(c) Incandescent</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></p><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Question 32</b></span></div><div><p></p><p>Current transformers usually have a secondary winding rating of</p><p> (a) 5 A</p><p> (b) 20 A</p><p> (c) 50 A</p><p> (d) 100 A</p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p>The correct answer is <b><span style="color: red;">(a) 5 A</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></p><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Question 33</b></span></div><div><p></p><p>The reactance of the transformer depends on</p><p> (a) Size of the core </p><p> (b) Size of the tank</p><p> (c) Leakage Flux</p><p> (d) All of the above</p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p>The correct answer is <b><span style="color: red;">(c) Leakage Flux</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></p><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Question 34</b></span></div><div><p></p><p>Under No-Load condition, the transmission line carries current because of </p><p> (a) Heating Effect</p><p> (b) Transmission Effect</p><p> (c) Chemical Effect</p><p> (d) Capacitance Effect</p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p>The correct answer is <b><span style="color: red;">(d) Capacitance Effect</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></p><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Question 35</b></span></div><div><p></p><p>If the supply frequency to the transformer is increased the iron loss will</p><p> (a) Decrease</p><p> (b) Increase</p><p> (c) No Change </p><p> (d) Any of the above</p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p>The correct answer is <b><span style="color: red;">(b) Increase</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></p><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Question 36</b></span></div><div><p></p><p>Which of the following does not change in the transformer?</p><p> (a) Frequency</p><p> (b) Current</p><p> (c) Voltage</p><p> (d) All of the above</p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p>The correct answer is <b><span style="color: red;">(a) Frequency</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></p><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Question 37</b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div>How many cycles will an AC signal make in 2 seconds if its frequency is 100 Hz?</div><div><p> (a) 50</p><p> (b) 100</p><p> (c) 150</p><p> (d) 200</p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p>The correct answer is <b><span style="color: red;">(d) 200</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></p><div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Question 38</b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div>Which of the following according to KVL must be zero??</div><div><p> (a) Algebric sum of currents in closed-loop</p><p> (b) Algebric sum of voltages in closed-loop</p><p> (c) Algebric sum of powers in closed-loop</p><p> (d) Algebric sum of losses in closed-loop</p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p>The correct answer is <b><span style="color: red;">(b) </span></b>Algebric sum of voltages in closed-loop</p><p><br /></p><div><span><b style="font-size: large;">Question 39 </b></span></div><div><span><b style="font-size: large;"><br /></b></span></div><div>For high frequencies capacitor acts as an _____</div><div><br /></div><div> (a) Open Circuit</div><div><p> (b) Short Circuit</p><p> (c) Rectifier</p><p> (d) Amplifier</p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p>The correct answer is <b><span style="color: red;">(b) Short Circuit</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></p><div><span><b style="font-size: large;">Question 40</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div> A capacitor consists of </div><div><br /></div><div> (a) Two semiconductors</div><div><p> (b) Two dielectrics</p><p> (c) Two insulators</p><p> (d) Two conductors</p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p>The correct answer is <b><span style="color: red;">(d) Two Conductors</span></b></p></div></div></div></div><div><div><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p></div><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-377161367725306369.post-32643066953517993742022-06-24T16:30:00.012+05:302022-07-12T12:40:30.499+05:30MCQ's on Basic 3 Electrical<b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">MCQ's on Basic Electrical</span></b><div><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIQNbKw6YcvfaXqQMN7ID7jugo6B1B-EqiQ1l2emttwxk50OOzqG9N3GbMJk7UWLH7A5DXsAL7X-yQfIjIUTdC8M8a66-XdbGgmCUFc-ihlVmIP_oUfCKNh-LpOO39B9WSiInTAoaXwQ2IQmS_zv-faM05nN9OMiu16XgksMV2Jtcks06zt94Hx-YPzg/s500/MCQ's%20on%20Basic%20Electrical.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="333" data-original-width="500" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIQNbKw6YcvfaXqQMN7ID7jugo6B1B-EqiQ1l2emttwxk50OOzqG9N3GbMJk7UWLH7A5DXsAL7X-yQfIjIUTdC8M8a66-XdbGgmCUFc-ihlVmIP_oUfCKNh-LpOO39B9WSiInTAoaXwQ2IQmS_zv-faM05nN9OMiu16XgksMV2Jtcks06zt94Hx-YPzg/s320/MCQ's%20on%20Basic%20Electrical.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /></b><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Question 21</b></span></div><div><p></p><p>If P is the power of a star-connected system then the power in the equivalent delta system is</p><p> (a) P/3</p><p> (b) P </p><p> (c) 3P</p><p> (d) None of the above</p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p>The correct answer is <span style="color: red;"><b>(c) 3P</b></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></p><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Question 22</b></span></div><div><p></p><p>Inductor does not allow sudden change of </p><p> (a) Voltage</p><p> (b) Current</p><p> (c) Power</p><p> (d) Resistance</p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p>The correct answer is <span style="color: red;"><b>(b) Current</b></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></p><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Question 23</b></span></div><div><p></p><p>Capacitor does not allow sudden change of </p><p> (a) Voltage</p><p> (b) Current</p><p> (c) Power</p><p> (d) Resistance</p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p>The correct answer is <span style="color: red;"><b>(a) Voltage</b></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"><b><br /></b></span></p><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Question 24</b></span></div><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><div><p></p><p>For domestic purposes, how are circuits connected?</p><p> (a) Straight</p><p> (b) Parallel</p><p> (c) Serial</p><p> (d) Series</p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p>The correct answer is <span style="color: red;"><b>(b) Parallel</b></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"><b><br /></b></span></p><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Question 25</b></span></div><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><div><p></p><p>The instrument which is used to detect electric current is known as?</p><p> (a) Voltmeter</p><p> (b) Rheostat</p><p> (c) Wattmeter</p><p> (d) Galvanometer</p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p>The correct answer is <span style="color: red;"><b>(d) Galvanometer</b></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"><b><br /></b></span></p><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Question 26</b></span></div><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><div><p></p><p>The objective of earthing or grounding is</p><p> (a) To provide as low resistance possible to the ground</p><p> (b) To provide as high resistance possible to the ground</p><p> (c) To provide flow of positive, negative and zero sequence current</p><p> (d) None of these</p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p>The correct answer is <b><span style="color: red;">(a) To provide as low resistance possible to the ground</span></b></p><p><br /></p><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Question 27</b></span></div><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><div><p></p><p>A closed switch has a resistance of?</p><p> (a) Zero</p><p> (b) 10 ohms</p><p> (c) 25 ohms</p><p> (d) Infinity</p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p>The correct answer is <b><span style="color: red;">(a) Zero</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></p><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Question 28</b></span></div><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><div><p></p><p>Eddy current loss will depends on</p><p> (a) Frequency</p><p> (b) Flux density</p><p> (c) Thickness</p><p> (d) All of the above</p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p>The correct answer is <b><span style="color: red;">(d) All of the above</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></p><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Question 29</b></span></div><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><div><p></p><p>Nichrome wire is an alloy of </p><p> (a) Lead and Zinc</p><p> (b) Chromium and Vanadium</p><p> (c) Nickel and chromium </p><p> (d) Copper and silver</p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p>The correct answer is <b><span style="color: red;">(c) Nickel and Chromium</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></p><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Question 30</b></span></div><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><div><p></p><p>One Joule per Coulomb is called?</p><p> (a) Volt</p><p> (b) Ampere</p><p> (c) Gauss</p><p> (d) Farad</p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"></span></p><p>The correct answer is <b><span style="color: red;">(a) Volt</span></b></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-377161367725306369.post-68006623187922253902022-06-02T10:00:00.002+05:302022-06-02T10:00:00.152+05:30Classification of Boilers<p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>Classification of Boilers</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxI2p-kZ3O4jv6ee2sEYbU68xier_JU0krQfMzS2rIitWyvRuXoXvu_-sd1gWCcptEz7epXLvpoc4CdnKaZIzSFemExXFCf-X5ski_erDuRUOZVp0QH3FdQw7U0B3sIAfabGO94VaQyDFF/s255/Classification+of+Boilers.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Classification of Boilers" border="0" data-original-height="198" data-original-width="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxI2p-kZ3O4jv6ee2sEYbU68xier_JU0krQfMzS2rIitWyvRuXoXvu_-sd1gWCcptEz7epXLvpoc4CdnKaZIzSFemExXFCf-X5ski_erDuRUOZVp0QH3FdQw7U0B3sIAfabGO94VaQyDFF/s16000/Classification+of+Boilers.jpg" title="Classification of Boilers" /></a></span></div>The boilers may be classified mainly as follows :<p></p><p><b>(1) Depending upon the relative position of water and flue gases :</b></p><p><b>(a) Smoke tube or fire tube boilers :</b> In these type of boilers the hot gases or the flue gases from the furnace are passed through the tubes surrounded by the water outside to be evaporated. Examples : Cochron, Lancashire, Locomotive boilers etc.</p><p><b>(b) Water tube boilers :</b> In these boilers the water to be evaporated passes through the tubes and the gases from the furnace are passed over the external surface of the tubes. Examples : Babcok-Wilcox, Stirling boilers etc.</p><p><b>(ii) Depending upon the position furnace :</b></p><p><b>(a) Internally fired boilers :</b> In these the furnace is inside the body of the boiler shell. Examples : Locomotive and Lancashire boilers etc.</p><p><b>(b) External fired boilers :</b> In these the furnace is outside the boiler shell. Examples : Stirling, Babcok-Wilcox and Loeffler boilers etc.</p><p><b>( iii ) Depending upon the position of axis of the boiler :</b></p><p>( a ) Vertical boilers : In which the axis of the boiler shell is in vertical plane.</p><p>( b ) Horizontal boilers : In which the axis of the boiler shell is in the horizontal plane.</p><p><b>(iv) Depending upon the service to which the boilers are put, like stationary, portable, marine or locomotive boilers etc.</b></p><p><b>(v) Depending upon the source of heat :</b></p><p>The source of heat may be due to :</p><p>Heat generated due to combustion of solid, liquid or gaseous fuels.</p><p>Hot waste gases or electrical energy or atomic energy etc.</p><p><b>(vi) According to the method of circulation of water and steam :</b></p><p><b>(a) Natural circulation :</b></p><p>In case of natural circulation steam boilers, the water is circulated by natural convection which are set up due to heating of water. The temperature gradient causes the density gradient along the length of the tube due to which water flows from high density water to low density water and steam.</p><p><b>Examples : </b>Babcok-Wilcox boiler.</p><p><b>(b) Forced circulation :</b></p><p>In forced circulation boiler, the water is circulated with the help of centrifugal pump driven by external source of power. Such a method of water circulation is usually employed in high pressure boilers. <b>Examples : </b>LaMont and Loeffet boilers.</p><p><b>(vii) According to pressure of steam generated :</b></p><p>The boiler which produce steam at less than 20 bar pressures are called low pressure boilers.</p><p><b>Examples :</b> Cochron, Lancashire and Locomotive boilers.</p><p>The boilers which produce steam above 20 bar pressures are called high pressure boilers. Example : Babcok-Wilcox, Stirling, LaMont boilers.</p><p><b>(viii) According to nature of draught employed :</b></p><p>When the fuel is burnt on the surface due to natural circulation of air, the draught is called<b> natural</b> or <b>chimney</b> draught. If the air is circulated with the help of fan driven by external source of power, the draught used is called<b> artificial draught.</b></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-377161367725306369.post-87552683657556303092022-05-31T10:00:00.002+05:302022-05-31T10:00:00.146+05:30Rankine Cycle with Reheat<div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>Rankine Cycle with Reheat</b></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgromWCkSPbcsGKFr2-gl8jfmOJApyKYYMj1Svv2zq8cdoZ2QkBz2-hzCRNd9oIqxloRVkR87XD-ip-i2eFyRiCY2AX9pewWLtjnHZZfCGmA8oIVRQg_BOKkhuXkTERhdeRs92WkkRSjb1JH5zEkY0kgss_I8CaPEqIWpL8ZDZgMIHRm-AZVC6elN-i0A=s1229" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="(a) Schematic Diagram" border="0" data-original-height="975" data-original-width="1229" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgromWCkSPbcsGKFr2-gl8jfmOJApyKYYMj1Svv2zq8cdoZ2QkBz2-hzCRNd9oIqxloRVkR87XD-ip-i2eFyRiCY2AX9pewWLtjnHZZfCGmA8oIVRQg_BOKkhuXkTERhdeRs92WkkRSjb1JH5zEkY0kgss_I8CaPEqIWpL8ZDZgMIHRm-AZVC6elN-i0A=w320-h254" title="(a) Schematic Diagram" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e06666;">Figure A<br /><br /></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjlGBVyrhLBlMMMnJUlodN2l0ZSfH7vKmmaSKfVYcXwfwvncnLpKDQqdGruz6X29ySTqsm7ZEAyO9_1kGns1lmEl9bTUHwUhUJ5_qx4mhWWV4HN0KtilKbIdKFiU_Ocpux_-f7rSdMS4xkp4Wc2GrCjc4ph3boQ4Mt_cYJ4ibLuWpdlkcaUJ1STFbsToQ=s2000" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Rankine Cycle with Reheat" border="0" data-original-height="938" data-original-width="2000" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjlGBVyrhLBlMMMnJUlodN2l0ZSfH7vKmmaSKfVYcXwfwvncnLpKDQqdGruz6X29ySTqsm7ZEAyO9_1kGns1lmEl9bTUHwUhUJ5_qx4mhWWV4HN0KtilKbIdKFiU_Ocpux_-f7rSdMS4xkp4Wc2GrCjc4ph3boQ4Mt_cYJ4ibLuWpdlkcaUJ1STFbsToQ=w320-h150" title="Rankine Cycle with Reheat" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e06666;">Figure B<br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>One way of improving the efficiency of the Rankine cycle is by reheating the steam in between the stages of expansion as shown in schematic, (T-S) and (h-S) diagrams in Figure (a), (b) and (c) respectively.</li><li>In this cycle, the steam is extracted after expansion in high pressure (H.P.) turbine at a suitable point and this steam is reheated in a reheater at constant pressure usually to its original temperature so that TT<sub>5</sub> = T<sub>3.</sub></li><li>The reheating of steam in the reheater is either done with the help of flue gases from the boiler furnace or in a separate superheater by other sources of energy like electric heating.</li></ul><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Advantages of reheating the steam are :</b></span></div><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>It improves the condition of steam at exhaust of the low pressure (L.P.) turbine so that the tendency of blade erosion caused by the liquid particles in the L.P. turbine is reduced. The desirable maximum moisture in steam is considered to be about 10 to 12 percent.</li><li>It improves the thermal efficiency the plant since the additional heat is supplied at higher mean temperature.</li><li>It increases the network output of the turbine.</li><li>It reduces the steam rate per kWh.</li></ol><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Disadvantages of reheat cycle :</span></b></div><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>To increase the cost and size of plant due to inclusion of reheater and its long piping.</li><li>Increases the size of condenser based on unit mass flow of steam due to improved quality of steam at exhaust from L.P. turbine.</li></ol></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Analysis of cycle :</b></span></div><div>The efficiency of reheat cycle for two stage turbine with one reheater in between the stage can be computed as follows :</div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">W<sup>T</sup> = (W<sub>T</sub>)<sub>H.P.</sub> + (W<sub>T</sub>)<sub>L.P.</sub>
or<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>W<sub>T</sub> = (h<sub>3</sub>-h<sub>4</sub>)
+ (h<sub>5</sub>-h<sub>6</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">W<sub>P</sub> = +(h<sub>2</sub>-h<sub>1</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Net work output, W<sub>S</sub> = W<sub>T</sub>-W<sub>P</sub>
= (h<sub>3</sub>-h<sub>4</sub>) + (h<sub>5</sub>-h<sub>6</sub>)-(h<sub>2</sub>-h<sub>1</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Net heat supplied, q<sub>i</sub> = Heat supplied (in boiler
+ in reheater)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Or, q<sub>i </sub>=
(h<sub>3</sub>-h<sub>2</sub>) + (h<sub>5</sub>-h<sub>4</sub>)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Therefore, the thermal efficiency of the reheat cycle is
given by,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #202124;">η</span> = W<sub>S</sub>/q<sub>i</sub> = (h<sub>3</sub>-h<sub>4</sub>)
+ (h<sub>5</sub>-h<sub>6</sub>) – (h<sub>2</sub>-h<sub>1</sub>) / (h<sub>3</sub>-h<sub>2</sub>)
+ (h<sub>5</sub>-h<sub>4</sub>)</span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-377161367725306369.post-56829924128463118042022-05-24T10:00:00.002+05:302022-05-24T10:00:00.160+05:30Advantages of Rankine Cycle over Carnot Cycle<span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>Advantages of Rankine Cycle over Carnot Cycle</b></span><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjSMv7xGuvHBXwqoFyKhs1aYJCAcjTjfjV_o-TfkgVbFMbkNj3AdPxqFKqKTQRiUbJKLPAux3jHTrvqiX4Ct5ljoT0KZba45Zqt9TEwUn9GkdTu3haMyemIDUS7fEmIUyLoxLxFp18-NVFQFulwsr5Xdhg6rZafbd28pqu9jO5_Hry6LSajrjE6FSExxg=s3456" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Advantages of Rankine Cycle over Carnot Cycle" border="0" data-original-height="2304" data-original-width="3456" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjSMv7xGuvHBXwqoFyKhs1aYJCAcjTjfjV_o-TfkgVbFMbkNj3AdPxqFKqKTQRiUbJKLPAux3jHTrvqiX4Ct5ljoT0KZba45Zqt9TEwUn9GkdTu3haMyemIDUS7fEmIUyLoxLxFp18-NVFQFulwsr5Xdhg6rZafbd28pqu9jO5_Hry6LSajrjE6FSExxg=w320-h213" title="Advantages of Rankine Cycle over Carnot Cycle" width="320" /></a></div><div>Following are the advantages of Rankine cycle over Carnot cycle :</div><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>A steam power plant on Carnot cycle cannot be practically built due to its inherent difficulties in carrying out the process of condensation and compression. While, a practical steam power plant on Rankine cycle can be easily developed since all processes involved can be carried out practically.</li><li>A Carnot cycle cannot use superheated steam due to practical difficulty of heating the steam isothermally with expansion in the boiler. Whereas, no such difficulty is experienced in Rankine cycle.</li><li>The work ratio is very high in Rankine cycle compared to Carnot cycle since the pump work (negative work) is very small compared to compression work in case of Carnot cycle.</li><li>Steam rate (S.R.) for Rankine cycle is low compared to Carnot cycle.</li></ol></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-377161367725306369.post-78123463746535788522022-05-23T10:00:00.002+05:302022-05-23T10:00:00.147+05:30Present Status of Power Generation in India<span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>Present Status of Power Generation in India</b></span><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhn_cRZZWbwu5lRRwHPhFb8jRiM8T10sjQKBSDnBkg2P0_045W8k79-Qgw1ByhOWWw4Cd9sWj36cx0kFUxiig9Klw2k804uFciwfIvzPlDBHf0qVXsAr3JUmp4JZ56idotaK4AtIc7AluGBNN1DWc9V7Qp5m4k5x_Qprm87UZFeG4OjszsaMF3L1EBznw=s255" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Present Status of Power Generation in India" border="0" data-original-height="197" data-original-width="255" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhn_cRZZWbwu5lRRwHPhFb8jRiM8T10sjQKBSDnBkg2P0_045W8k79-Qgw1ByhOWWw4Cd9sWj36cx0kFUxiig9Klw2k804uFciwfIvzPlDBHf0qVXsAr3JUmp4JZ56idotaK4AtIc7AluGBNN1DWc9V7Qp5m4k5x_Qprm87UZFeG4OjszsaMF3L1EBznw=w320-h247" title="Present Status of Power Generation in India" width="320" /></a></div></span><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Economic growth in India depends on the power sector. The electric energy demands in the last two decades have increased at enormous space. In 1947, the total power generation was only 1360 MW.</li><li>The present power generation status as planned is as follows :</li></ul></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Table A: Indian generation capacity in MW</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>Type of power Plant<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>1991<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>8<sup>th</sup> Plan (2002)<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>9<sup>th</sup> Plan (2007)<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>10<sup>th</sup> Plan (2007)<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="59">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>Total<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Thermal (including gas based plants)<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">45000<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">28000<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">32000<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">58000<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="59">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">163000<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Hydro<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">18443<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">8680<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">26000<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">23000<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="59">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">76123<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Nuclear<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">1500<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">1320<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">2880<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">-<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="59">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">5700<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Additional<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">-<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">38000<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">60880<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">81000<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="59">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">-<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Total<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">64943<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">102943<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">163823<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">244823<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="59">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">244823<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>India is still short of 20% of power generation in India. Due to depleting natural resources of fuel, India is also developing non-conventional energy sources like wind, tide, bio mass, geothermal and solar energy based power plants.</li></ul></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Table B: Power generation in India as on June 2011</b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">Type of generator<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">Capacity (MW)<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">Percent<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">1.Thermal power generation<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">(a) Coal = 96743.4 MW<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">(b) Gas = 17706.3 MW<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">(c) Oil = 1199.8 MW<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">115649.5<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">65.34<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">2.Hydro<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">38106.5<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">21.53<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">3.Nuclear<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">4780.0<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">2.70<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">4.Renewable (MNRE) (includes power from small hydro, biogas, urban
and industrial wastes, wind energy etc.)<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">18454.5<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">10.43<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Total<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">176990.5<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">100%<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><br /></div><div><b>Sectorwise generation of power is as follows :</b></div><div>Central = 55572.6 MW (31.40%)</div><div>State = 82596.5 MW (46.67%)</div><div>Private = 38821.4 MW (21.93%)</div><div>Total = 176990.5 MW (100%)</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-377161367725306369.post-41742754407778505632022-05-22T10:00:00.003+05:302022-05-22T10:00:00.150+05:30Present Installed Capacity of Power Plant and Sectorwise Allocation<span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>Present Installed Capacity and Sectorwise Allocation</b></span><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEigTydhFFiSAsxO5IbgTs6_Hcl5FTmrx-RlKrm9qQd-hCpuHdfToNvMJx40cQDDvUHZt8cHW3tk0JF40uFw6BdmVZvpthBWZsDQCNUxku_CJvo8JLCbpKJIoo_Oi13sve1mucRC-aLUN_UiHqjfB4d0TaopQynDteSoclbvmkGwrCk7rq_M5eKPpj7Y0w=s910" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Present Installed Capacity and Sectorwise Allocation" border="0" data-original-height="607" data-original-width="910" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEigTydhFFiSAsxO5IbgTs6_Hcl5FTmrx-RlKrm9qQd-hCpuHdfToNvMJx40cQDDvUHZt8cHW3tk0JF40uFw6BdmVZvpthBWZsDQCNUxku_CJvo8JLCbpKJIoo_Oi13sve1mucRC-aLUN_UiHqjfB4d0TaopQynDteSoclbvmkGwrCk7rq_M5eKPpj7Y0w=w320-h213" title="Present Installed Capacity and Sectorwise Allocation" width="320" /></a></div></span><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Total installed capacity in India is 1,57,000 MW from various energy sources. The sources wise contribution to electrical power generation is :</li></ul></div><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Coal = 63%</li><li>Oil = 4.6%</li><li>Gas = 11.5%</li><li>Nuclear = 2.8%</li><li>Renewable 12.8% (Hydro = 11.9%, Wind 0.6% and Biomass = 0.3%)</li></ol></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-377161367725306369.post-70953669402907194092022-05-21T10:00:00.002+05:302022-05-21T10:00:00.160+05:30Global Energy Consumption<span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>Global Energy Consumption</b></span><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEggs1VHe7pMrwsqMqwxneKBaDhDfHwAlvEn4-ZsLrhjMH9S58LVXcMJV-y21oGJK6zFvgXRr9TFEj91MdM7eD_AnMsGei5Y437Zk_kH9w74jHe_W3aOiKbFvPFi6lSI_ysyAEzPFUHdkfILUGt66ir6aBW98gFubam9ffir9a2TZkT_b7pt7pPx3GckFQ=s200" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Global Energy Consumption" border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEggs1VHe7pMrwsqMqwxneKBaDhDfHwAlvEn4-ZsLrhjMH9S58LVXcMJV-y21oGJK6zFvgXRr9TFEj91MdM7eD_AnMsGei5Y437Zk_kH9w74jHe_W3aOiKbFvPFi6lSI_ysyAEzPFUHdkfILUGt66ir6aBW98gFubam9ffir9a2TZkT_b7pt7pPx3GckFQ=w320-h320" title="Global Energy Consumption" width="320" /></a></div></span><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>As against the available sources of energy, the energy consumption is showing a much faster growth rate. These are given in the succeeding sections sector wise.</li><li>The global primary energy consumption at present was equivalent to 9741 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe).</li><li>Table gives the figures of world consumption of energy sector wise and country wise.</li></ul></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>Table : Primary energy consumption by fuel (2002) in million of oil equipment.</b></div><div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.5pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.65pt;" valign="top" width="56">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>Oil<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.25pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>Natural Gas<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>Coal<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="top" width="62">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>Nuclear<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.8pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>Hydro<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>Total<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>Share of Total<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.5pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">USA<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.65pt;" valign="top" width="56">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">894.3<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.25pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">600.7<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">553.8<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="top" width="62">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">185.8<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.8pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">58.2<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">2293.0<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">24.4%<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.5pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Canada<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.65pt;" valign="top" width="56">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">89.7<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.25pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">72.6<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">30.7<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="top" width="62">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">17.0<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.8pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">78.6<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">288.7<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">3.1%<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.5pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">France<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.65pt;" valign="top" width="56">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">92.8<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.25pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">38.5<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">12.7<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="top" width="62">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">98.9<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.8pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">15.0<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">258.0<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">2.7%<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.5pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Russian Federation<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.65pt;" valign="top" width="56">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">122.9<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.25pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">349.6<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">98.5<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="top" width="62">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">32.0<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.8pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">37.2<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">640.2<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">6.8%<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.5pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">United Kingdom<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.65pt;" valign="top" width="56">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">77.2<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.25pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">85.1<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">36.5<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="top" width="62">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">19.9<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.8pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">1.7<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">220.3<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">2.3%<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.5pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">China<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.65pt;" valign="top" width="56">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">245.7<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.25pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">27.0<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">663.4<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="top" width="62">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">5.9<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.8pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">55.8<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">997.8<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">10.6%<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.5pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">India<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.65pt;" valign="top" width="56">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">97.7<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.25pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">25.4<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">180.8<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="top" width="62">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">4.4<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.8pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">16.9<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">325.1<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">3.5%<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.5pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Japan<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.65pt;" valign="top" width="56">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">242.6<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.25pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">69.7<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">105.3<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="top" width="62">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">71.3<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.8pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">20.5<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">509.4<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">5.4%<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.5pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Malaysia<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.65pt;" valign="top" width="56">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">22.5<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.25pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">24.3<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">3.3<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="top" width="62">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">-<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.8pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">1.7<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">51.8<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">0.6%<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.5pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Pakistan<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.65pt;" valign="top" width="56">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">17.9<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.25pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">18.8<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">2.1<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="top" width="62">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">0.4<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.8pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">4.6<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">43.8<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">0.5%<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.5pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Singapore<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.65pt;" valign="top" width="56">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">35.5<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.25pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">1.6<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">-<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="top" width="62">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">-<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.8pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">-<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">37.1<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">0.4%<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.5pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b>Total World<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.65pt;" valign="top" width="56">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>3522.5<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.25pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>2282.0<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>2397.9<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="top" width="62">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>610.6<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.8pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>592.1<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>9405.0<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b> </b></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">World future trends :</span></b></div><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Energy use will grow strongly, especially among the developing countries (2.7% per year in the developing world).</li><li>There will be continued reliance on fossil fuels through 2025; oil remains the dominant fuel type (39% of total world energy use).</li><li>Natural gas is the fastest growing sources of primary energy (2.2% per year).</li><li>Coal will continue to be the predominant source for electricity generation, but natural gas will be an important supply source for power generation in many parts of the world, given its efficiency and environmental benefits.</li><li>Carbon dioxide emissions resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels will continue to grow (1.9% per year).</li></ol></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-377161367725306369.post-54342704590431189412022-05-16T10:00:00.003+05:302022-05-16T10:00:00.158+05:30Comparison of Steam, Hydro-electric power plant, Gas turbine power plant and Diesel power plant<p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">Comparison of Steam, Hydro-electric power plant, Gas turbine power plant and Diesel power plant</span></b></p><p><b></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj1rn0qiFQB8ejrurv_dl7XCXwLMvl31sOWhFUbuvVXI-_GKsy62JYo2G1b2xXSz7pi9ubT0jfP_3N0JqpTIxxtfBQe2wbv0Huu0L5ujglaSkkG2OgYjVYBNbtFa6opYfejHtchmbvBbXYPjkzwHsKcdgebIdBYROHjduu6ZXywou901rGUkw8jSSLW5w=s259" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Comparison of Steam, Hydro-electric power plant, Gas turbine power plant and Diesel power plant" border="0" data-original-height="194" data-original-width="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj1rn0qiFQB8ejrurv_dl7XCXwLMvl31sOWhFUbuvVXI-_GKsy62JYo2G1b2xXSz7pi9ubT0jfP_3N0JqpTIxxtfBQe2wbv0Huu0L5ujglaSkkG2OgYjVYBNbtFa6opYfejHtchmbvBbXYPjkzwHsKcdgebIdBYROHjduu6ZXywou901rGUkw8jSSLW5w=s16000" title="Comparison of Steam, Hydro-electric power plant, Gas turbine power plant and Diesel power plant" /></a></b></div><p></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>Sr. No.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.85pt;" valign="top" width="101">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>Particulars<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.25pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>Steam Power Plant<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>Hydro-electric Power Plant<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>Gas Turbine Power Plant<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.15pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>Diesel Power Plant<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>(a)<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.85pt;" valign="top" width="101">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>(b)<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.25pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>(c)<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>(d)<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>(e)<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.15pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>(f)<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">1.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.85pt;" valign="top" width="101">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Site<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.25pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Located near load centre having cheap and large land, water supply,
transportation facilities etc.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Located where large land, huge quantity of water at sufficient head
is available. Land should have high bearing capacity, rocky ate cheap rate.
Area located away from load centre<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Can be located anywhere<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.15pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Can be located anywhere<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">2.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.85pt;" valign="top" width="101">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Initial Cost<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.25pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Low compared to hydro power plants<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">High due to building of dam and transportation cost of plant and
machinery<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Low<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.15pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Low<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">3.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.85pt;" valign="top" width="101">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Fuel cost including transportation cost<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.25pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">High compared to hydro power plants if located away from coal mines<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Nil as no fuel is required<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Lower than steam power plant<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.15pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Lower than steam power plants<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">4.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.85pt;" valign="top" width="101">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Operating cost<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.25pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Very high compared to hydro power plants but low compared to diesel
and gas power plants<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Low compared to steam power plant<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">High compared to steam and hydro power plants<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.15pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Very high compared to other power planrs<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">5.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.85pt;" valign="top" width="101">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Maintenance cost<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.25pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Very high compared to hydro power plants because of operating staff
requirements<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Low compared to steam power plant<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Low as fuel operating staff is required<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.15pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Low as fuel operating staff is required<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">6.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.85pt;" valign="top" width="101">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Space<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.25pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">High<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Very high<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Low<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.15pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Low<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">7.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.85pt;" valign="top" width="101">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Cooling water requirement<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.25pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Very High<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Nil<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Very low<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.15pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">High compared to gas turbine plants and low compared to steam turbine
power plants<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">8.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.85pt;" valign="top" width="101">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Transmission and Distribution <o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.25pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Low compared to hydro power plants<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Very High<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Very High<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.15pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Very Low<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">9.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.85pt;" valign="top" width="101">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Reliability<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.25pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Less reliable compared to hydro power plants<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Reliable<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Less reliable<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.15pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Less reliable<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">10.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.85pt;" valign="top" width="101">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Pollution<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.25pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Highly polluting<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Nil<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Less<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.15pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">High compared gas turbine power plants but less compare to steam
power plant<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">11.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.85pt;" valign="top" width="101">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Time of installation<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.25pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">High <o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Very high<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Low<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.15pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Low<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">12.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.85pt;" valign="top" width="101">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Life of plant<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.25pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">25-30 Years<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">50 Years<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">2-5 Years<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.15pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">5 Years<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-377161367725306369.post-83263600281411953532022-05-10T13:18:00.002+05:302022-05-10T13:19:13.296+05:30What is Resistor | Resistor explained<span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">In this video I will show you What is Resistor in Hindi, What is Use of Resistor, What is Unit of Resistor, Symbol of Resistor, Types of Resistor.
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<br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">↓↓↓↓↓↓↓</span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">↓ </span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">CORRECT ANSWER </span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓</span></span></span></b></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb8lfVmQbqiRtxT43TmGWHZXBK2mZG8_lSbcTzaHhqQvzIFVbVFr_8BdESG5RmzU33pDnVw6_nq9RV0i-NcuQzQmOSshCAtROH_Nrx2Q9Ln4is2P0WcuMZbLPpzCUg3sGjgHJfSonKzqkM-0RnMmJvvUS2Fe2II2k3blfgxlx4092HSfuV4FMaFS9ATg/s2691/What%20is%20Resistor%20%20Resistor%20explained.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2058" data-original-width="2691" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb8lfVmQbqiRtxT43TmGWHZXBK2mZG8_lSbcTzaHhqQvzIFVbVFr_8BdESG5RmzU33pDnVw6_nq9RV0i-NcuQzQmOSshCAtROH_Nrx2Q9Ln4is2P0WcuMZbLPpzCUg3sGjgHJfSonKzqkM-0RnMmJvvUS2Fe2II2k3blfgxlx4092HSfuV4FMaFS9ATg/s320/What%20is%20Resistor%20%20Resistor%20explained.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: right;"><b style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">↓↓↓↓↓↓↓</span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">↓ </span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">SYMBOL OF RESISTOR </span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓</span></span></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg058Ah8emOUytKHi28DDnn_s4x2SCsResaxhkfg8TIyVrsa3_eNa1gmImOYpmP0vM6CcQ-b4xgrneIdErzMOBQayv26finXzymuwgYM8VEINJ31F1b15u-cfVj4yPMTaIW-nNx5Q6HxU7D2ExlYrCAXWROxSFKOoZINwW-TOvhrLtng5V73L12HEa6qg/s2656/Resistor%20Symbol.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1812" data-original-width="2656" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg058Ah8emOUytKHi28DDnn_s4x2SCsResaxhkfg8TIyVrsa3_eNa1gmImOYpmP0vM6CcQ-b4xgrneIdErzMOBQayv26finXzymuwgYM8VEINJ31F1b15u-cfVj4yPMTaIW-nNx5Q6HxU7D2ExlYrCAXWROxSFKOoZINwW-TOvhrLtng5V73L12HEa6qg/s320/Resistor%20Symbol.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></div><div><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">↓↓ My Some Other Videos ↓↓
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In this video topic covered
</span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">0:00</span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Introduction of Resistor.
</span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">0:24</span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> What is Resistor & Definition of Resistor
</span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">1:03</span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Symbol of Resistor
</span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">1:54</span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> What is unit of Resistor
</span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">2:28</span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> What is use of Resistor / Function of Resistor
</span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">3:39</span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Ohms Law, Formula to Calculate Resistor
</span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4:38</span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> How Resistor Reduce the Current and Voltage
</span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4:58</span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Practical use of Resistor
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</span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">8:28</span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Function of Resistor in Electrical Circuit
Top Electrical Interview Question.
Questions Answered in this Video :
1. What is Resistor
2. What is unit of Resistor
3. What is Ohms Law
4. Types of Resistor
5. How Resistor Reduce the Current and Voltage
6. What is Symbol of Resistor
7. What is Definition of Resistor
8. What is Function of Resistor
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</span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">#Resistor</span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">#Deepakkumar_yadav</span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">#electrical</span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-377161367725306369.post-87106054518926558982022-05-07T10:00:00.002+05:302022-05-07T10:00:00.145+05:30Advantages and Disadvantages of MHD System<p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">Advantages and Disadvantages of MHD Syste</span></b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>m</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEihb3LfNsDTqvfXo6kKRLBfP1h9I3J9yWtkMHPcmPhW9PD1y3kSwVR4jVQw5FayWD8qPKGb2LsftcgbZqtP9o6UCkTM95400yEHk3UhrHi4h8MWiQymDvAyfltHsHR1m8kxL4gqd1kpiJK3DzT-UCb6VwLBR_cVhJJMgCASDO9rpyQxlzZbdGBvYEAycQ=s251" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Advantages and Disadvantages of MHD System" border="0" data-original-height="201" data-original-width="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEihb3LfNsDTqvfXo6kKRLBfP1h9I3J9yWtkMHPcmPhW9PD1y3kSwVR4jVQw5FayWD8qPKGb2LsftcgbZqtP9o6UCkTM95400yEHk3UhrHi4h8MWiQymDvAyfltHsHR1m8kxL4gqd1kpiJK3DzT-UCb6VwLBR_cVhJJMgCASDO9rpyQxlzZbdGBvYEAycQ=s16000" title="Advantages and Disadvantages of MHD System" /></a></span></div><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>Advantages </span><span>of MHD Syste</span><span>m</span><span> :</span></span></b><p></p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>It converts heat energy directly into electrical energy at higher conversion efficiency compared to convectional type of power plants.</li><li>These systems are reliable and produces power pollution free.</li><li>Large amount of power is generated with small sized plants as compared to conventional power plants . It reaches to almost full power as soon as it is started.</li><li>The capital cost is comparable to conventional power plants. Thus the cost of power generation per unit is less.</li><li>The operational and maintenance costs are low.</li><li>The efficiency of MHD plants is 50% as compared to maximum of 40% of the most efficient conventional power plants It can work on any type of fuel.</li></ol><p></p><p><b>Disadvantages</b><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span> </span><span>of MHD Syste</span><span>m</span><span> :</span></span></b></p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>It has high fluid friction losses and heat transfer losses.</li><li>MHD generators operate at very high temperatures to obtain ionisation of gases and to make it electrically conductive. But the electrodes must be relatively at lower temperature.</li><li>It increases the resistance of gases in vicinity of electrodes since the gases in vicinity of electrodes are comparatively colder.</li><li>It causes large voltage drop across the gas film.</li><li>It needs large sized magnets which increases the cost of MHD systems.</li></ol><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-377161367725306369.post-41610151320817764632022-05-05T10:00:00.001+05:302022-05-05T10:00:00.172+05:30Types of MHD Power Plants<p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>Types of MHD Power Plants</b></span></p><p>The operation of MHD systems are broadly divided as follows :</p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Open cycle system</li><li>Closed cycle system</li></ol><p></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">1. Open Cycle MHD System :</span></b></p><p>Figure A shows an open cycle MHD power plant.</p><p>The system uses an MHD generator in conjunction with conventional steam power plant. The fuel used may be coal, oil or natural gas.</p><p>The surrounding air is compressed to a high pressure in the air compressor. The gases are then heated in the low temperature and high temperature air preheaters before supplied to the combustion chamber upto a temperature of about 1100°C.</p><p>The fuel is burnt in presence of hot air in combustor. The hot gases so produced are seeded with 1% alkaline potassium to increase the electrical conductivity of the gases. These hot gases expand in the nozzle to high velocity and enter into MHD duct at about 2300°C to 2700°C temperature. Some part of the internal energy of the gas (plasma) is directly converted into DC power. Then DC-AC inverter converts the DC power into AC power.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjfgrI3I67mGdJQZqsEUN7xxMnROb6zwwwcQQmtVsjXnyPjfURGFpJjvGF5t1dQerUyc1aFDH8YbeH_iWNuSkTbqrU6-TAQfuIuwWG8yxzcV1QCd9kux6QLLnxJuj5C7ZA7XHlUQSJHrzmJ39i70Rvb2tXhbsrQ0ArR8SiCTSsnQT6xdH1RmBVCxaLH9g=s1800" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Open Cycle MHD Power Plant" border="0" data-original-height="1266" data-original-width="1800" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjfgrI3I67mGdJQZqsEUN7xxMnROb6zwwwcQQmtVsjXnyPjfURGFpJjvGF5t1dQerUyc1aFDH8YbeH_iWNuSkTbqrU6-TAQfuIuwWG8yxzcV1QCd9kux6QLLnxJuj5C7ZA7XHlUQSJHrzmJ39i70Rvb2tXhbsrQ0ArR8SiCTSsnQT6xdH1RmBVCxaLH9g=w320-h225" title="Open Cycle MHD Power Plant" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e06666;">Figure A</span></td></tr></tbody></table>The hot gases leaving the MHD duct is used in high temperature air preheater to heat the air. Then these gases are used in a heat exchanger (steam generator) to generate steam from feed water. The steam so generated is used in a conventional steam power plant to generate power as shown in Figure A. The remainder of heat of gas is utilized for heating the compressed air in low temperature air preheater. Hot gases then pass through a seed recovering unit (electrostatic precipitator). The clean hot gases are either exhausted to the surroundings through the chimney as shown or these gases can be recycled by compressing again, heating and repeating the cycle. It is decided by the type of MHD plant.<p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">2. Closed Cycle MHD System :</span></b></p><p>Closed cycle MHD generators can either operate on seeded inert gas (helium or argon) system or liquid metal system. These systems are being discussed below.</p><p><b>1. Seeded Inert gas MHD generator : </b>Figure B shows the closed cycle scheme using helium or argon gas seeded with Cesium MHD generator.</p><p>Inert gas helium seeded with Cesium is heated to a very high temperature in a nuclear reactor. The hot helium gas is passed into nozzles to increase its velocity before supplied to MHD duct to produce D. C. power which is converted into A. C. power by an inverter. The gas is passed through a heat exchanger called steam generator to convert feed water into steam to be used in the conventional steam power plant as shown in Figure B.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjxGuuSAawqzSosh2-zvuT36rfzJuHSTMbDWyAULWIxml2XOZ32bzywJsgmWN2BsE_YvyRfclEUgwRe2ty_2p7WdwDPKpsGQb5d1CuSI9YZzHUfrkuyynbP0vzZjjX7pjOYqPVnrE9PK2RXMeCeLy7JIAlejaekAiaG-5Cu29L7EFxWnwjaW7wq-pcATw=s2000" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Closed cycle-seeded inert gases, MHD generator" border="0" data-original-height="1575" data-original-width="2000" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjxGuuSAawqzSosh2-zvuT36rfzJuHSTMbDWyAULWIxml2XOZ32bzywJsgmWN2BsE_YvyRfclEUgwRe2ty_2p7WdwDPKpsGQb5d1CuSI9YZzHUfrkuyynbP0vzZjjX7pjOYqPVnrE9PK2RXMeCeLy7JIAlejaekAiaG-5Cu29L7EFxWnwjaW7wq-pcATw=w320-h252" title="Closed cycle-seeded inert gases, MHD generator" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e06666;">Figure B</span></td></tr></tbody></table>The helium gas leaving the steam generator is cooled in the cooler and after compressing it in the compressor is supplied back to the nuclear reactor. In the above system instead of using the conventional steam power plant as bottoming unit, it can also employ a gas turbine plant. The seeded inert gas MHD system is most promising system amongst all the system.<p><b>2. Liquid metal MHD system :</b></p><p>A liquid metal MHD system based on closed cycle is shown in Figure C. It is similar to inert gas system except that it uses liquid metal (potassium) instead of helium gas as the working fluid.</p><p>Liquid potassium is heated in the nuclear reactor is passed through the nozzles to increase its velocity. Small amount of vapour formed during the nozzle passage is separated in the separator and it is pumped back into the reactor. High velocity liquid metal is passed through the MHD duct to produce D. C. power.</p><p>Comparatively lower temperature liquid potassium is then passed through a heat exchanger (steam generator) before pumped to the reactor. It transfers heat to feed water which is converted into steam. This steam is used in a conventional steam power as shown in Figure C.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjAV68QXD8ZO4GnIt7kr7dF-VPk8CMiUUkIwFCWVhm8jNqec176A8AAVnTwX2GznCZWIODwkAMG8cWFozwKExwNoOgrJigrgD7q4MFUAHz9DfBaC3l5X6aHMXM7Fqc-z6V3XGxNF-3hwzcNpnxK0huru3MnXY_b0lmRu4pQiidLkfe1q6hyDdpuAjxRVA=s1800" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Liquid metal MHD system" border="0" data-original-height="1061" data-original-width="1800" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjAV68QXD8ZO4GnIt7kr7dF-VPk8CMiUUkIwFCWVhm8jNqec176A8AAVnTwX2GznCZWIODwkAMG8cWFozwKExwNoOgrJigrgD7q4MFUAHz9DfBaC3l5X6aHMXM7Fqc-z6V3XGxNF-3hwzcNpnxK0huru3MnXY_b0lmRu4pQiidLkfe1q6hyDdpuAjxRVA=w320-h189" title="Liquid metal MHD system" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e06666;">Figure C</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-377161367725306369.post-81019660742253724042022-04-29T10:00:00.001+05:302022-04-29T10:00:00.168+05:30Fuels and Material Used In MHD Plants<span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>Fuels and Material Used In MHD Plants</b></span><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEioIzzPlhD7UVPm44TEWOJUsUXYy_i9nB0m5lnbpSY-CFHiEJIllPJl83u-4ys5Y5Yz8cNHdowiy7P54E0WgaYMr7VdwPhInnLy96tNNIKwQVroIqqq3eLDwRdVzpne3NFqs6xcOeAiaShtVhA2-_eRQqfDLIZVEDDH4_9opdxvD8a5kF1pgep8yTyyeg=s259" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Fuels and Material Used In MHD Plants" border="0" data-original-height="194" data-original-width="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEioIzzPlhD7UVPm44TEWOJUsUXYy_i9nB0m5lnbpSY-CFHiEJIllPJl83u-4ys5Y5Yz8cNHdowiy7P54E0WgaYMr7VdwPhInnLy96tNNIKwQVroIqqq3eLDwRdVzpne3NFqs6xcOeAiaShtVhA2-_eRQqfDLIZVEDDH4_9opdxvD8a5kF1pgep8yTyyeg=s16000" title="Fuels and Material Used In MHD Plants" /></a></div></span><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>MHD plants can use conventional fuels like oil, coal, natural gas, kerosene, benzene, toluene. It can also use nuclear energy or any other form which can produce high temperature.</li><li>The materials used in construction of MHD plants must have temperature resistance.</li><li>Also, the high temperatures combined with alkaline atmosphere due to presence of seeding material makes the MHD ducts extremely susceptible to corrosion.</li><li>Therefore, the materials used in the construction of MHD ducts have to be highly corrosion resistant materials.</li><li>Electrodes are made of tungsten or carbon. The insulating materials used for duct walls are magnesium oxide, strontium zirconate.</li><li>MHD ducts have to withstand temperatures in the range of 3000K or so.</li><li>Presently the steam cooled walls which are made of insulted laminations of very thin nickel or stainless steel have been tried.</li><li>The research is on to use suitable ceramics or coating of ceramics to use as duct material.</li></ol></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-377161367725306369.post-2219266666570580382022-04-28T10:00:00.002+05:302022-04-28T10:00:00.156+05:30Working Principle of MHD Generator<p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>Working Principle of MHD Generator</b></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">An MHD generator like a turbo generator is an energy conversion device. It can be used with any high temperature heat source like chemical, nuclear, solar energy etc. In an MHD system, hot gases act as the conductor. When gases are heated to sufficient temperature, one or more of the valance electrons are expelled from their orbit in which they are revolving. This ionises the gas i.e. the neutral atoms are split into positive and negative ions. These ions are the electrical conductors. The gases are moved in a duct called the MHD duct at a very high velocity. The movement of these ions in the MHD duct in which a strong magnetic field is applied leads to the electromagnetic induction of an e.m.f in a pair of electrodes which are placed in a direction perpendicular to both the directions of the flow of the ionised gases and that of the magnetic field. The electrodes are connected to the external circuit which drives a current in the external load.</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">One of the main practical problem encountered in this system is that, the ionisation temperatures of gases in their pure states are very high. Hence handling of these high temperatures will cause problem due to the limitations of materials. To get over this problem, the gas is seeded with small quantities of alkaline metals like sodium or potassium. Upon mixing, these ionisation temperature drops considerably in the range of 2300°C to 2700°C. Thus the problem of high temperatures requirement can be eliminated.</span></span></p><p><b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">MHD System Arrangement :</span></b></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Figure A & B shows the arrangement of and MHD generator. The three major components the MHD duct, the magnetic field and the electrodes. The Figure A & B shows the positions of the directions of the magnetic field, the direction of flow of the gases and the electrodes which are mutually perpendicular to each other.</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The important quantities involved in MHD are :</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Power generated = P</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Electrical conductivity = U</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Velocity of the gas = V</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Magnetic field strength = B</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Density of the gas = p</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Length of duct = L /</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The power generated by MHD generator is directly proportional to length of duct, electrical conductivity, the velocity of gas and square of the magnetic field strength while it is inversely proportional to the density of gas. Mathematically,</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Power generated = P = ² L . <span style="color: #202124;">Ω </span>. V . B<sup>2 </sup>/ <span style="color: #222222; text-align: center;">ρ ...(1)</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg54YheO-LeFbrvAH8V2kAsebvZgS6U5-YfNuNi1Eth9ZQMvTC6oFbhyC8l2_m6mHc1RE9Yzh6eYAOIzUiKd0GqPDsu-4I10Zh2E11sjVMmGdJCCgKWNOHDkTGIKTFifXyYNggMlc0ylD0IW51hTwk5X5cYbtHam2hDkZUuUXpicLRabZHpdQk9L2qP_Q=s1555" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="MHD System Arrangement" border="0" data-original-height="1555" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg54YheO-LeFbrvAH8V2kAsebvZgS6U5-YfNuNi1Eth9ZQMvTC6oFbhyC8l2_m6mHc1RE9Yzh6eYAOIzUiKd0GqPDsu-4I10Zh2E11sjVMmGdJCCgKWNOHDkTGIKTFifXyYNggMlc0ylD0IW51hTwk5X5cYbtHam2hDkZUuUXpicLRabZHpdQk9L2qP_Q=w206-h320" title="MHD System Arrangement" width="206" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e06666;">Figure A</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: inherit; text-align: center;">The power produced by the MHD system will be a DC. For power transmission, this DC power needs to be converted into AC which can be done by the use of an inverter.</span></span><p></p><div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Fig shows the principle components of a MHD system.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgbmH56Wb_5Mk7b01riWA5Q9vvGg1o6cefKXgdgYEkhOXOujYEU1KKdasI9EG3veDKVHANZ0bcmkBdyf4Rg0gTPNtdjU-8ZUS2dTRBJHW-uR_P-8miW4jnIjWzA7tp7Hmm69zc_zW8VZ2WnjJozG7LrgmCLyEMBS8xn9kCYqdk6ZJjaCW2T_Wc78smorw=s2000" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Components of MHD System" border="0" data-original-height="1537" data-original-width="2000" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgbmH56Wb_5Mk7b01riWA5Q9vvGg1o6cefKXgdgYEkhOXOujYEU1KKdasI9EG3veDKVHANZ0bcmkBdyf4Rg0gTPNtdjU-8ZUS2dTRBJHW-uR_P-8miW4jnIjWzA7tp7Hmm69zc_zW8VZ2WnjJozG7LrgmCLyEMBS8xn9kCYqdk6ZJjaCW2T_Wc78smorw=w320-h246" title="Components of MHD System" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e06666;">Figure B</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">The MHD cycle (T-S) diagram is shown in Figure C.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjPaUU1lcJjrJpFrQluW1F-twOLTYs61NvYodppin_sPIpj34AoRPI3Rcg-bQr07BTfxxSH_TPoRkoowPrEfR3NsXiPGXbyjEMYgz7_Yi2kHcxe_h2ptvlDcFStGrFCh3bd_9u_RqST_alSd02qPHdamO1FOLrCY0ryfLQFSbCKpV4T3Bm7cb5zBTVBMQ=s1084" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="(T-S) Diagram for MHD System" border="0" data-original-height="978" data-original-width="1084" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjPaUU1lcJjrJpFrQluW1F-twOLTYs61NvYodppin_sPIpj34AoRPI3Rcg-bQr07BTfxxSH_TPoRkoowPrEfR3NsXiPGXbyjEMYgz7_Yi2kHcxe_h2ptvlDcFStGrFCh3bd_9u_RqST_alSd02qPHdamO1FOLrCY0ryfLQFSbCKpV4T3Bm7cb5zBTVBMQ=w320-h289" title="(T-S) Diagram for MHD System" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e06666;">Figure C</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">The thermal efficiency of the MHD cycle may be written as :</span></div><p></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Thermal Efficiency : <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #666666; line-height: 19.9333px;">η</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #666666; line-height: 19.9333px;"> = Work output / Heat supplied = </span>(<span style="color: #202124;">h</span><sub style="color: #202124;">0 </sub>- <span style="color: #202124;">h</span><sub style="color: #202124;">02</sub>) - (<span style="color: #202124;">h</span><sub style="color: #202124;">04 </sub>- <span style="color: #202124;">h</span><sub style="color: #202124;">03</sub>) / (<span style="color: #202124;">h</span><sub style="color: #202124;">01 </sub>- <span style="color: #202124;">h</span><sub style="color: #202124;">04</sub>)</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Where the indicated enthalpies in Equation (2) are stagnation enthalpy. If V is the flow velocity, Stagnation enthalpy, <span style="color: #202124;">h</span><sub style="color: #202124;">2 </sub>= Static enthalpy, h + K . E. (V<sup>2 </sup>/ 2)</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><sup style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></sup></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> If a MHD generator works between the temperature limits of T<sub>1 </sub>= 3000 K and T<sub>2 </sub>= 3000 K, its Carnot efficiency, will be,</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #666666; line-height: 115%;">η</span><sub>c </sub><sub><o:p></o:p></sub>= 1 - T<sub>2 </sub>/ T<sub>1 </sub>= 1 - 300 / 3000 = 0.9 or 90%</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Practically, the efficiency obtained is much less for the following reasons :</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">If the temperature of the gas falls below 2000°C, the electrical conductivity of the gas reduces drastically. It is due to the fact that the electrons combine with ions to form neutral atoms at lower temperatures. Thus the power output of MHD also reduces rapidly.</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">To avoid this problem, MHD system is used in conjunction with steam power plants. Initially, when the temperatures of the gases are high , the energy of the gases is utilized in the MHD system for direct conversion into electricity. When the temperature of the gases falls to a low value, the hot gases are used for steam generation. This steam is utilized to generate electric power in a conventional steam power plant. Thus the MHD generator is used as sopping unit and the steam power plant is used as a bottoming unit.</span></span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-377161367725306369.post-56846076633366339302022-04-27T10:00:00.010+05:302022-04-27T10:00:00.167+05:30Introduction of Magneto Hydrodynamic (MHD) Power Plants<p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>Introduction of Magneto Hydrodynamic (MHD) Power Plants </b></span></p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) is a device which converts the heat energy of a fuel directly into electrical energy without a conventional electric generator.</li><li>In a conventional thermal power plant the maximum temperature of the working fluid is restricted by the metallurgical properties of the turbine and other components like melting point of the turbine blade material etc.</li><li>The minimum temperature is limited due to the ambient conditions. Thus with the two temperatures limited, the maximum thermal efficiency of the system is limited.</li><li>To improve this direct conversion of heat into electricity by MHD-system is a good option. </li><li>This will eliminate all the intermediate linking conversion processes thereby improving the efficiency.</li><li>Magneto Hydro Dynamic (MHD) is one such method which has undergone considerable development.</li><li>This method can make use of temperatures of the order of 2300°C to 2700°C as compared to the conventional steam power plants which can use maximum temperatures in the range of 750°C to 800°C only.</li><li>Thus the MHD generators are said to have high efficiency and low pollution.</li></ol><p></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Basic principle :</span></b></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjlqt5Ei4i4A08nRXp0tjzyq6IB7a6l4r4rp1KOFlBaK8ZHCkBc029XXMpjJ5ko98e7-grEJgS0TEitUa1jCImd3JJeIhZWWULaMV4Q3_Jh-IYSCzUOIIECCJTo1_Ipd5l6nH89y6lrSCdP52ptBKZB8ZCSrzP4d9Q7eqGnErUMssWluiU_o-oQVoAmWQ=s1744"><img alt="Directions of Three Quantities of Faraday's Law" border="0" data-original-height="1648" data-original-width="1744" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjlqt5Ei4i4A08nRXp0tjzyq6IB7a6l4r4rp1KOFlBaK8ZHCkBc029XXMpjJ5ko98e7-grEJgS0TEitUa1jCImd3JJeIhZWWULaMV4Q3_Jh-IYSCzUOIIECCJTo1_Ipd5l6nH89y6lrSCdP52ptBKZB8ZCSrzP4d9Q7eqGnErUMssWluiU_o-oQVoAmWQ=w320-h302" title="Directions of Three Quantities of Faraday's Law" width="320" /></a></div><p>The working principle is based on Faraday's Law. It states that when a conductor is moved in a magnetic field an e.m.f. induced in the conductor. This conductor may be solid, liquid or gas. The directions of the magnetic field, the direction of motion and the e.m.f induced will be mutually perpendicular to each other. This is given by the Right Hand Rule as shown in Figure A.</p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-377161367725306369.post-46301767032415242032022-04-26T10:00:00.001+05:302022-04-26T10:00:00.149+05:30Advantages and Disadvantages of Tidal Power<p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>Advantages and Disadvantages of Tidal Power</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxsNlEScmWGzvlvi3BWPuKf58MfaLT1vD1t8L25UJIoND3uOytfUQZ4Y343cLAnTRCOg9Y0P2k9oUyrygzubokLioQA0DDuN3DGqpM08NZaJVa4JARBwB19k9D_7Imv9b0n2ZGhQHNMeyA/s275/Advantages+and+Disadvantages+of+Tidal+Power.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Advantages and Disadvantages of Tidal Power" border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxsNlEScmWGzvlvi3BWPuKf58MfaLT1vD1t8L25UJIoND3uOytfUQZ4Y343cLAnTRCOg9Y0P2k9oUyrygzubokLioQA0DDuN3DGqpM08NZaJVa4JARBwB19k9D_7Imv9b0n2ZGhQHNMeyA/s16000/Advantages+and+Disadvantages+of+Tidal+Power.jpg" title="Advantages and Disadvantages of Tidal Power" /></a></span></div><b style="font-size: large;"> Advantages of Tidal Power :</b><p></p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Energy is freely available and inexhaustible.</li><li>Power can be used to meet local needs of coastal area and for peak loads.</li><li>Power is ensured round the year though its operation is intermittent.</li><li>It is pollution free. </li><li>It is unaffected by the vagaries of monsoon.</li></ol><p></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Disadvantages of Tidal Power :</span></b></p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Cost of plant is high and needs long constructional period.</li><li>Not many locations are suitable for installing such a system.</li><li>Power developed is on limited scale only.</li><li>Sedimentation of basins is a problem.</li><li>Sea water is corrosive.</li><li>It has uneven operation.</li><li>Marine life is affected.</li></ol><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-377161367725306369.post-66709012050972686782022-04-25T10:00:00.002+05:302022-04-25T10:00:00.148+05:30Types of Hydraulic Turbines for Tidal Power Plants System<p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>Types of Hydraulic Turbines for Tidal Power Plants System</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg541-v_Hta6UZp4DYLOrAekzrOlbV82NvyuXcwutcUskjsVTfRktHFBZg6ixHpboM-34VL0snAX2AA5fvSgrzxlwvvmjck9mToWKpM31rS3O1S3wLF1n5F7AGgDYQrR4GELOFm3BF-ck6g/s270/Types+of+Hydraulic+Turbines+for+Tidal+Power+Plants+System.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Types of Hydraulic Turbines for Tidal Power Plants System" border="0" data-original-height="187" data-original-width="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg541-v_Hta6UZp4DYLOrAekzrOlbV82NvyuXcwutcUskjsVTfRktHFBZg6ixHpboM-34VL0snAX2AA5fvSgrzxlwvvmjck9mToWKpM31rS3O1S3wLF1n5F7AGgDYQrR4GELOFm3BF-ck6g/s16000/Types+of+Hydraulic+Turbines+for+Tidal+Power+Plants+System.jpg" title="Types of Hydraulic Turbines for Tidal Power Plants System" /></a></span></div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Following types of hydraulic turbines can be used for tidal power plants :</span></b><p></p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Kaplan turbines with variable pitch blades.</li><li>Special bulb type turbine generator sets in an enclosed steel shell.</li></ol><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-377161367725306369.post-59215737811391260342022-04-19T10:00:00.002+05:302022-04-19T10:00:00.155+05:30Tidal Power Plants (Single Basin System)<p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>Tidal Power Plants (Single Basin System)</b></span></p><p>The tidal range of 5 m and above available in particular locations can be utilized to operate a hydraulic turbine. The mechanical power of the turbine can be used to run a generator to produce electrical power.</p><p>In case of power generation by tides, the water during high tides is first trapped in an artificial basin and then it is allowed to escape during the period of low tides. The water while escaping is utilised to run a hydraulic turbine coupled to a generator.</p><p>The first tidal power plant was commissioned by General De Gaulle at La France in 1966.</p><p>The three main components of a tidal power plant are :</p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>The power house</li><li>The dam (barrage) to form basin</li><li>Sluice ways from the basin to the sea and vice versa.</li></ol><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhar7CFsVe7hYv-HzBcCkCZOouyiDiVYBwODXv7iqwRWlg7PzGdkCM9Jdh8a1BlBX1ifqTPUSUHSNdcfXJVSJcbyxHl1FFdUFWqi4YFkzhzQ2CdFIuWHi3rW2OEZRKdU9yQG4_UEZipXRM-GpNkEdEgcS2W7kqgQutcnFM4cF3BlMUitsIiR7RIzbmhDg=s2000" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhar7CFsVe7hYv-HzBcCkCZOouyiDiVYBwODXv7iqwRWlg7PzGdkCM9Jdh8a1BlBX1ifqTPUSUHSNdcfXJVSJcbyxHl1FFdUFWqi4YFkzhzQ2CdFIuWHi3rW2OEZRKdU9yQG4_UEZipXRM-GpNkEdEgcS2W7kqgQutcnFM4cF3BlMUitsIiR7RIzbmhDg=s2000" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="Single Basin One Way System of Tidal Power Plant" border="0" data-original-height="1120" data-original-width="2000" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhar7CFsVe7hYv-HzBcCkCZOouyiDiVYBwODXv7iqwRWlg7PzGdkCM9Jdh8a1BlBX1ifqTPUSUHSNdcfXJVSJcbyxHl1FFdUFWqi4YFkzhzQ2CdFIuWHi3rW2OEZRKdU9yQG4_UEZipXRM-GpNkEdEgcS2W7kqgQutcnFM4cF3BlMUitsIiR7RIzbmhDg=w320-h179" title="Single Basin One Way System of Tidal Power Plant" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e06666;">Figure A</span></td></tr></tbody></table></a><p>The function of the dam is to form a barrier between the sea and the basin.</p><p>The sluice ways are used either to fill the basin during high tide or empty the basin during the low tide.</p><p>A tidal power plant based on single basin system is shown in Figure A. Here the power house is situated at the mouth of basin. The hydraulic turbine in the power house only operates during the discharge of water from the basin during ebb tide. During the high tide the basin is again filled. The main disadvantage is that the system's operation is intermittent in nature.</p><p>However, we also have double cycle system in which the power generation is affected during the ebb as well as in flood tides as shown in Figure B.</p><p>The direction of flow through the turbine during the ebb and flood tides alternates and generation of power is accomplished, both during the emptying and filling cycle of basin.</p><p>Though the double cycle system has only short duration interruptions in turbine generator operation, but the continuous power generation is still not possible. Further, the power generation coincides occasionally with the peak power demands. This problem is overcome in double-basin system described below.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjAGxWjSPulAMNF0seJYfeS7Hg-2r2Umt4j6GFgP5vas3xhsHPit0Ytt3q2sG6yBhvnHiOy9tRek5ELOh-jCITHqFXmEKyqMOR-4iPPFNbQrmmNAQVjkJEwYc05TxR0MoBKfezEaMQAOTDic-o28VcoZiWr4SA-PhBIFy1TksyLMKN6ZFGhtbpwQvn88Q=s2000" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Double Cycle System" border="0" data-original-height="816" data-original-width="2000" height="131" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjAGxWjSPulAMNF0seJYfeS7Hg-2r2Umt4j6GFgP5vas3xhsHPit0Ytt3q2sG6yBhvnHiOy9tRek5ELOh-jCITHqFXmEKyqMOR-4iPPFNbQrmmNAQVjkJEwYc05TxR0MoBKfezEaMQAOTDic-o28VcoZiWr4SA-PhBIFy1TksyLMKN6ZFGhtbpwQvn88Q=w320-h131" title="Double Cycle System" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e06666;">Figure B</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Tidal Power Plant-Double Basin System :</span></b></li></ul><p></p><p>This system has two basins at different levels and a dam is provided in between these basins as shown in Figure C. Inlet and outlet sluice gates are provided in the dam.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg8p2OYSze07c_QZHECL6lfZZDuW7uw3xwbK72UqAbslpvADuDx52KFMV6sOnPYWMX6Of733RR8QpxyYc0hTgzDFhyAcBkNB_CDlEuu-Esc2pqAR7ocdWcpmmvAaAVKniW84KWSDxdizywWOnOH5K3-2WcNgR_PsxlmpwA2YVMhD0eUU0StUTqNyHGjqA=s1635" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Double Cycle System" border="0" data-original-height="1446" data-original-width="1635" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg8p2OYSze07c_QZHECL6lfZZDuW7uw3xwbK72UqAbslpvADuDx52KFMV6sOnPYWMX6Of733RR8QpxyYc0hTgzDFhyAcBkNB_CDlEuu-Esc2pqAR7ocdWcpmmvAaAVKniW84KWSDxdizywWOnOH5K3-2WcNgR_PsxlmpwA2YVMhD0eUU0StUTqNyHGjqA=w320-h283" title="Double Cycle System" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e06666;">Figure C</span></td></tr></tbody></table>The water level in upper basin is maintained above the level of water in the lower basin.<p>The upper basin is filled with water during high tide and lower basin is emptied during the low tide. Therefore, a permanent head is created between the upper and lower basins.</p><p>When sufficient head is developed, the turbines of the power plant are started. The water flows down from upper basin to the turbine which discharges into the lower basin. Thus the electrical power is generated.</p><p>When the water level in upper basin is maximum during high tide the inlet sluice is closed and the level of water in lower basin keeps on rising due to discharge of water by the turbine. When the level of water in lower basin equals during the ebb tide, the outlet sluice is opened and it is closed when the water level reaches to its minimum level, equal to the level of water in upper basin. Again the inlet sluice is opened and the cycle is repeated.</p><p>The advantage of this system is that the power can be generated continuously during discharge and filling of basins. However, in this method also the power generated may not coincide with peak load demand. This problem can be overcome by pumping water by other means from lower basin to upper basin during peak power demands.</p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-377161367725306369.post-67992611027298024142022-04-18T10:00:00.002+05:302022-04-18T10:00:00.155+05:30Tidal Energy<b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">Tidal Energy</span></b><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf4aWvfIqb3lnyW0zHyLdQ0mcUgnc57eQcB3Sni3sz06Hy7HNTZvFxXu-6fNP3LFHOjTyHMOjdBR04g9smiz9aKJOPUJ_QszPka0ANcY3CCxwqALzAABD734kW6fUVcVsd2QJeqm6weVkC/s269/Tidal+Energy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Tidal Energy" border="0" data-original-height="187" data-original-width="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf4aWvfIqb3lnyW0zHyLdQ0mcUgnc57eQcB3Sni3sz06Hy7HNTZvFxXu-6fNP3LFHOjTyHMOjdBR04g9smiz9aKJOPUJ_QszPka0ANcY3CCxwqALzAABD734kW6fUVcVsd2QJeqm6weVkC/s16000/Tidal+Energy.jpg" title="Tidal Energy" /></a></div></span><div>Tidal energy is renewable source of hydro energy which is available due to rise and fall of tides which occurs twice a day. The tides are caused due to the gravitational attraction of moon and sun upon the rotating earth.</div><div>The highest level of tidal water is known as flood tide or high tide and the lowest level of tidal water is known as ebb tide or low tide. The level difference between high and low tides is called tidal range. </div><div>The tidal range varies from time to time, season to season and its location. The maximum tidal range occurs at the time of new and full moon called spring tides. The total tidal energy of the world is estimated to be 3 x 10<sup>6 </sup>MW. However, only a fraction of this energy can be recovered.</div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Limitations of Tidal Energy :</span></b></div><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>It is site specific and the tidal energy can be recovered economically on the locations where the tidal range is 5 m or more.</li><li>The availability of tidal energy is variable , thus the power generation is highly fluctuating in nature.</li><li>Turbines are needed which can operate with fluctuating heads.</li><li>The marine life and ecology is affected in the region where the tide plants are located. It also affects the navigation system.</li><li>In order to handle large volume flow rates of tidal water at low heads, tidal plants need to operate with several turbines in parallel.</li><li>Sea water is corrosive.</li></ol></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Availability of Tidal Power in India and Locations :</span></b></div><div>In India the potential for tidal power generation exists in Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat and in Sunderban area of West Bengal. The tidal power plants can be established on rivers of Malta and Curzon Creek in this reason. Small tidal power plants can be located at Beledone Creek (WB), Durgadowni Creek (Sundarban area), Rakshakhali Creek and at Bhavnagar in the Gulf of Cambay. The power potential in Gulf of Kutch and Gulf of Cambay is estimated to 1000 MW and 7000 MW respectively.</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-377161367725306369.post-30837958608859613962022-04-17T10:00:00.002+05:302022-04-17T10:00:00.146+05:30Scope For Geothermal Energy in India<span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>Scope For Geothermal Energy in India</b></span><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG2-ONwbhkUPUbkawc3CUduZB3eTe5lUIq7j9s4RCnPu4Qk4j717kOjxDw7Qts0krbtF-Z4tW1k7xgJ_5aaQBzxsIFUl7oUHkrRk-2EzNjz44Zar2lIo9lOzcC-HkJNEeGYFtyDh1WnMwE/s2048/Scope+For+Geothermal+Energy+in+India.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Scope For Geothermal Energy in India" border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG2-ONwbhkUPUbkawc3CUduZB3eTe5lUIq7j9s4RCnPu4Qk4j717kOjxDw7Qts0krbtF-Z4tW1k7xgJ_5aaQBzxsIFUl7oUHkrRk-2EzNjz44Zar2lIo9lOzcC-HkJNEeGYFtyDh1WnMwE/w320-h240/Scope+For+Geothermal+Energy+in+India.jpg" title="Scope For Geothermal Energy in India" width="320" /></a></div></span><div>In India we have about 150 known geothermal sites which can produce geothermal fluids upto 160°C either in the form of hot springs (upto 90°C) and shallow water reservoirs (upto 160°C). However, the main locations of geothermal fields are :</div><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Puga Valley in J and K.</li><li>Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh.</li><li>Sohana near Delhi. </li><li>Unai and Jalgaon in Maharashtra. </li><li>Tuwa in Gujrat.</li><li>Tattapani in Chhatisgarh.</li><li>Bakreswar in Bihar.</li><li>In the belt of Godavari and Mahanadi basin.</li></ol></div><div>Due to availability of low temperatures geothermal fluids, the prospects of development of geothermal power plants in India are very low. It can be utilized for other applications like heating in low temperature range, space heating and cooling, greenhouse cultivation space heating and cooling, greenhouse cultivation, drying of wood, mushrrom farming, drying of timber cotton, fruits and fishes etc. depending upon the temperatures of the available geothermal fluids.</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0